Showing posts with label article. Show all posts
Showing posts with label article. Show all posts

Sunday, April 13, 2025

Beyond Evaluation: Using Peer Observation to Strengthen Teaching Practices

You find this article by Siham Al Amoush and Amal Farhat on Faculty Focus

University faculty members are usually immersed in various tasks related to teaching, research, committees, and office hours. As a result, they rarely have time to explore the practices of their colleagues or seek advice on their own, which leads them to work in isolation. This isolation can hinder their professional development and growth, especially if they do not take the time to reflect on their own teaching methods and practices. Ultimately, student learning is impacted. One effective practice that can break this cycle is peer observation. 

Peer observation is a valuable university practice with mutual benefits for the observer and observee, with an emphasis on learning, reflection, and improvement to enhance teaching methods and overall practices. Exploring peer observation models, their stages, and practical methods and resources for use in higher education are all part of this process. By fostering a culture of continuous improvement through pedagogical observation, educators engage in dialogue to share insights, plan for instructional improvement, self-reflect, adopt effective strategies, and refine teaching practices. 

Models of Peer Observation

The focus of the peer observation defines its goal, context, and the way the participants act and feel toward the process. Based on the focus, peer observations can be classified into two models: formative-developmental and summative-evaluative.  

While the formative-developmental observation aims to enhance and promote the improvement of teaching skills within a supportive and collegial context, the summative-evaluative observation aims to evaluate and judge the faculty based on the observation. Therefore, if an institution aims at improving the teaching practices of its faculty members and wants them to engage in professional development activities that they welcome and accept, it should incorporate a formative-developmental type of observation.

Although summative-evaluative peer observations are needed to evaluate the teaching skills of faculty members, we believe that it is a fair practice for the faculty to experience formative-developmental observations several times and to receive the necessary support before they undergo an evaluative observation especially if it is high-stakes in that it impacts their job retention or promotion. In our discussion, we will focus on formative-developmental observations because we are interested in practices that help in the improvement of teaching practices in educational institutions.  

Benefits of Formative-developmental Observations

When approached as a developmental or formative practice, peer observations afford faculty valuable opportunities to improve their practices and grow professionally. This is mainly true if observations are done periodically, rather than as one-shot classroom visits, when the outcomes of one observation feed into another, and when on-going dialogue between the observer and the observee takes place. The practices of the process of classroom observations are critical as they: 

  • Encourage professional growth: Formative observations provide faculty with structured opportunities to enhance their teaching skills and improve student learning outcomes. 
  • Facilitate reflective practice: Formative observations enable faculty to critically assess their teaching methods and refine their instructional approaches. 
  • Support learning in and from practice: As highlighted by Ball and Cohen (1999), learning is most effective when embedded in practice, making peer observations a powerful tool for professional development. 
  • Promote the haring of best practices: Faculty can observe, discuss, and integrate effective teaching strategies used by their peers. 
  • Challenge teaching assumptions: Through peer feedback and reflection, faculty can identify and modify ingrained teaching habits to enhance student engagement. 
  • Build confidence in implementing new strategies: Observing peers in action helps faculty see new techniques in practice, making them more confident in adopting these approaches. 
  • Enhance course content and delivery: observations allow for a structured review of both the material taught and the teaching methods used, leading to refinements in instruction. 
  • Strengthen collegial support and collaboration: Collegial observations enhance a culture of open dialogue among faculty, fostering a supportive and collaborative academic environment. 
  • Improve teaching and learning quality: Observations encourage continuous improvement in instructional effectiveness, ultimately benefiting student learning experiences. 

Stages of Formative-developmental Observations

Peer observations have numerous merits. They can be perceived as a cyclic process, each cycle including a peer observation session that is preceded and followed by meetings between the observer and the faculty whose class is to be observed, thus making it a three-stage process. Each of the stages has its benefits and contributes to the overall outcome of the process if done with a clear purpose in a safe, collegial, and supportive context. The three stages are:    

  • Pre-observation: To introduce the process and set the stage for effective peer observation, it is necessary to discuss the observation goals and establish mutual expectations for the process, in addition to discussing the session learning outcomes, learning activities and any content or documents that will be used during the observed session. This stage helps the observer clarify the goal of the observation and establishes an atmosphere of collaboration between the observer and the observee which reduces anxiety on the part of the observee. Moreover, it allows the observee to clarify the lesson context and allows for customization of the lesson before the observation takes place.   
  • Lesson Observation: This includes observing a teaching session with all its happenings such as teaching strategies, students’ engagement, modes of interaction, indicators of learning, assessment tasks, questioning techniques, and learning activities. At this stage, the observer collects notes describing what is observed without making any judgment about the performance of the teacher. To this end, we prefer using the narrative log as it enables the observer to document the timing of behaviors, techniques, and actions of both the observed instructor and the students. These are recorded objectively; i.e., recording solely what is observed without including any of the observer’s judgments. However, the observer can add comments or questions about the classroom events to be discussed later in the post-observation meeting. Narrative logs are considered an effective tool to describe verbal and non-verbal behavior, highlighting what the observer sees rather than making judgements (Chism, 2007). To this end, the observer must keep in mind the golden rule: Learning to see, unlearning to judge. 
  • Post- observation: At this stage, discussion of the class activities and reflection occurs. The observer uses the observation notes collected during the lesson observation to lead the discussion and to refer to for evidence for the different points being discussed. The observee reflects on the class; and the observer, to provide helpful feedback, seeks to understand more about the classroom by asking questions for clarification or to gain a clearer understanding of the lesson, students, and content. An excellent tool designed by Project-Zero at Harvard University is the Ladder of Feedback, which can help structure the discussion to be constructive, supportive and growth-promoting in a non-threatening manner.  
     

The post-observation meeting should occur as soon as possible after the observation. The discussion in this stage should lead to an action plan. Therefore, as a good practice, the observer can summarize the points discussed in this meeting, emphasize points of strength, provide suggestions toward improving teaching practices, and agree with the observee on an action plan for improvement. The date for the following observation or meeting can be scheduled at the end of this stage.   

How to Encourage Peer Observation in Higher Education

Although peer observation is a vital practice for professional development, it is not well-perceived by faculty members, and it is not a common practice in universities. Faculty members are mostly reluctant to voluntarily participate in peer observation. Thus, we recommend that universities start developing a culture of trust and collegiality to support this practice. At the personal level of faculty members, they can be encouraged to ask their colleagues to observe their classrooms and collect notes during the observations. To sharpen this practice and make it more relevant to one’s instructional needs, the observee can set specific goals for the observation. These suggestions can help promote the culture where peer observation becomes a practice for continuous, accessible professional development that can transform universities into learning communities and make them better learning spaces for their faculty members. 

Wednesday, February 12, 2025

أهل غزة.. محن متتالية تجعلهم أكثر متانة


 

"ترامب بدّه يهجر أهل غزة"، يقولها شاب غزّي بملامحه المرتاحة، وابتسامته الصادقة أمام عدسة المصوّر، ثمّ يغرق في ضحكٍ ساخر متواصل، ويتابع "ولك أهل غزة قاعدين يحفروا بير مي، ورجعوا يبنوها من أول وجديد".

هنا تجد نفسك، بسبب براءة ضحكة المتحدّث، تبتسم، وربما تضحك لا إرادياً، ضحكة تسعدك وتبثّ فيك روح التحدّي والاعتزاز. ثمّ يجول المصوّر بعدسته ليلتقط صور دمار البيوت والخيام التي تؤوي بقايا العائلات من المطر والصقيع لتصل إلى امرأة تخاطب عدوّها من خلال مكبّر صوت الصحافي: "ذبحتونا، ماهمناش، قتلتونا، ما همناش، شرّدتونا، ما همناش"، وبكلّ طمأنينة ورضى تختم بـ "عملتوا فينا البدع، لكن الحمد لله صامدين".

هذه بعض الأمثلة التي تجعل العالم كلّه يتساءل عن سرّ هذه القوّة، وعمّا يعطي الحافز والمثابرة والإصرار لشعب لم تلتئم جراحه، ولم يستعد حياته العادية، ولم يتسنّ له النهوض من تحت الركام، بل ما زال عدّوه يطلّ عليه، بلسان رئيس أعتى دولة في العالم، بالتهديد والوعيد ليقول له: سأشرّدك من أرضك، وأتابع تشويه حياتك، والقضاء على ما بقي من عنفوانك! وفي تهديده الآن يبدو أكثر شراسة من أيّ وقت مضى، بل ويحظى بجوقة "أوبرالية" تنعق بما يقوله من تهديد لشعب خسر كلّ مقوّمات البقاء. 

ما الذي يجعل شعباً عانى كلّ هذه السنين متشبّثاً بأرضه، ثمّ شهد لمدة 476 يومًا القصف والدمار والقتل وخسران الممتلكات والأهل والأولاد والأصحاب ومصادر الرزق، يخرج من كلّ هذا الأذى ويتحدّى بلغة الواثق المطمئن أنّه لن يُهزم ولن يخضع لرغبات عدوّه مهما توعّد وتجبّر؟

في تاريخ الأمم، نجد أنّ القوي هو من يُبادر بالاعتداء على الضعيف، بدءًا من غزو الإمبراطورية الرومانية لدول أوروبية وأفريقية وآسيوية بهدف التوسّع، مرورًا بقضاء إسبانيا على حضارة الآزتك، إلى عالمنا المعاصر حيث اعتدت روسيا على أفغانستان، وأميركا على العراق، وإسرائيل على فلسطين ولبنان. في الحالات هذه، لم نشهد أنّ الضعيف طلب الحرب أو بادر بسلوكياتٍ تثير المشكلات مع الجهة القوّية، بل على العكس، دائمًا شهدنا الجانب القويّ يكتب السيناريوهات التي تظهره على أنّه صاحب الحقّ، ويصنع لنفسه عدواً ضعيفاً يظهره على أنّه مصدر الشرّ الذي يجب القضاء عليه ليجنّب نفسه، وأحياناً العالم، من شرّه. ومع أنّ هذا السيناريو لا يقنع أحداً لسذاجته وعدم واقعيّته، إلا أنّ العالم يتصرّف كالمشاهد لحلبة صراع، يصفّق للقوي المتسلّط، ويندّد بالمسالم الضعيف الذي لم يكن له رأي في الاندماج بهذا الصراع من الأصل.

ثم يُوضع ذلك المستضعف في حلبة الصراع مضطراً للدّفاع عن نفسه، فيما يستمرّ القوي بتجييش المؤيّدين له والبحث عن المزيد من الأنصار، ويتابع في صعق ذلك المستضعف ليقع مراراً وتكراراً إلى أن يصبح في حالةِ ضعف وإنهاك حتى يظنّ العالم أنه هلك، ليفاجئنا أنّه نهض من ضعفه واستعاد عافيته، بل أصبح أكثر قوّة ممّا كان عليه، ليتكرّر مشهد الصراع من جديد، وهو في كل مرّة يستعيد عافيته، وفي كلّ جولة ينهض أكثر قوّة وأمضى عزيمة من الجولة التي سبقتها. وما نعرفه في عالم الرياضة أنّ الجمهور جزء من المعركة، وأنّ التشجيع عنصر مهمّ في قوّة عزيمة اللاعبين وتحقيق فوز الفريق، إلا أنّ الفريق المستضعف في غزّة يخوض معركته من دون أن يجد من يصفّق له أو يدعم صموده، بل العالم المتفرّج في حالة نكران للحقّ الواضح لكلّ ذي قدرة على الفهم والتدبّر، وهو مع ذلك كلّه يقفز ذلك المستضعف من تحت الركام الهائل وينهض من تحت الرماد مؤكّداً أنّه صاحب الحقّ الذي لا يموت.

هكذا هو شعب غزّة المستضعف، يزداد قوّة مع كلّ جولة من جولات صراعه مهمّا كانت خسارته، إلى أن يصبح قتله صعباً، ويتحوّل القضاء عليه إلى عملية مستحيلة. وهذا ما أشار إليه المفكّر نسيم نيكولاس طالب، من أنّ هناك من يضعفهم الأذى ويصيبهم بالهشاشة، وآخرين يقاومون الأذى من دون الإصابة بالوهن والضعف، فهم أقوياء قادرون على التحمّل. أمّا الصنف الذي يفاجئنا فهو شعب غزّة الأبيّة الذي يصنع منه الأذى شعباً لا يُقهر، وقوّة لا يمنعها أيّ قهر عن التشبّث بالأرض، والتمسّك بالحياة، والقدرة على التحمّل ومواجهة الموت وكلّ أنواع التحدّي. هؤلاء الذين يصفهم طالب بالمضادين للهشاشة، يتمتعون بالمتانة، وهم ليسوا بأقوياء فحسب، بل في قوّة تتزايد باضطراد مع تزايد الأذى الذي يتعرّضون له.

وهذه الضدّية للهشاشة هي ما يجسّده ذلك الشاب المبتسم المستهزئ برئيس أعتى دولة في العالم، وتلك المرأة التي تخاطب عدوّها المتسلّط الجبار. لينضمّ إليهما من يؤكّد أنّه ليست هناك قوّة تستطيع اقتلاعهم من أرضهم، "مش احنا اللي نرحل، احنا أصحاب البلاد"، وآخر يشبه شعبه بشجر الصنوبر، "جذورنا بالأرض، تحت، تحت"، ومن هو واثق من أنّ ليس من قوّة ستقضي عليه مردّداً، "سأبقى أنا من بعد أبي، وسيبقى ولدي من بعدنا". هؤلاء من استبعدهم العالم كلّه، فاتخذوا غزّة لهم عالما، دافعوا عنها، فأصبحت حصنهم المتين، وبرجهم العالي ومصدر قوتهم وسرّ حياتهم التي لا تموت.

Friday, January 31, 2025

عندما تَحكُم السماء


تحدّد الجماعات والمؤسسات قيمها الحاكمة لتكون بمثابة الحامي لتصرّفات وقرارات أفرادها، ما يضمن عدم انحرافهم عن المبادئ والقناعات الأخلاقية، فيساهم بالتالي في توجيه جهودها ومساعيها نحو تحقيق الأهداف والرؤى التي تصبو إليها. على النقيض من ذلك، نجد المبدأ الذي أسّس له الفيلسوف السياسي نيكولا ميكيافيلي في أهم أعماله، كتاب "الأمير"، حيث يحثّ السياسيين على الوصول إلى مكتسباتهم السياسية والمحافظة عليها بكلّ السُّبل والسلوكيات المتاحة، حتى وإن تنافت مع الأخلاقيات وخرقت المقبول. هذا المبدأ هو وراء مقولة "الهدف يبرّر الوسيلة"، ذلك المفهوم البراغماتي البارد الذي يحرّك سياسات العالم وديناميكياته. 

لكننا اليوم نجد أنفسنا أمام نموذجٍ مخالفٍ بالكامل لتعاليم أحد أهم المؤسسين للفكر السياسي المعاصر. هذا النموذج استسقى قيمه من السماء وربط رؤيته بربّ السماء، فحكمت قيمٌ سماويةٌ سلوكَ وخِطط وقرارات أهل الأرض، تلك الأرض المُحَاربة من كلّ حدبٍ وصوب، فكانت رؤيتهم ربانيةً لا تزعزعها مغرياتُ وأطماع حياةٍ زائلةٍ فانية. 

هذا الارتباط الرباني يتجسّد في طمأنينة أمٍ تجمع رفات وحيدها في كيس، حامدةً ربها، مستغيثةً به أن يصبِّرها على مصابها، وفي فخر شابٍ صغيرٍ عثر على كرسيٍّ برتقاليٍّ في بيته المدمّر فاحتفظ به لأنه الكرسي الذي، كما شاهد في فيديوهات وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي، جلس عليه أحد أهم المدافعين عن أرضه في لحظاته الأخيرة قبل ارتقائه. يتجسّد الارتباط الرباني في محاربين يعاملون أسرى عدوّهم المنافق الغدّار بأرقى درجات التعامل الإنساني النبيل لأنهم شرفاء، والنبل من شيم الشرفاء، فلا يستقوي نبيلٌ على أسيرٍ ضعيفٍ في حالات انكساره.

القيم التي تحكم سلوك أصحاب الأرض العُزّل هي التي تعطيهم الطمأنينة والثبات والصبر والمثابرة في مضيّهم نحو رؤيتهم. هذه القيم التي تحكم سلوك أصحاب الأرض العُزّل إنّما هي التي تعطيهم الطمأنينة والثبات والصبر والمثابرة في مضيّهم نحو رؤيتهم، وهم يعرفون يقينًا أنّ دربهم دربٌ طويلٌ وعر. لقد اختاروا لأنفسهم أهدافًا نبيلة، وأبوا إلا أن تكون سلوكياتهم وقراراتهم متسقةً معها مهما تطلّب ذلك من صبرٍ وجهادٍ في ظروف قاسيةٍ ومواجهاتٍ شرسةٍ ومصائب جليلة. في مقابل هذا النبل، يبرّر أمير ميكيافيلي وأتباعه لأنفسهم ما شاءوا من السلوكيات، حتى عَلوا في ظلمهم وجبروتهم وطوّروا أدوات وأساليب مكرهم، لتصبح اليوم لعنةً عليهم تسير بهم نحو اضمحلالهم، فتزيدهم قرباً لهلاكهم يومًا عن يوم. أما تحرير الأراضي المغتصبة، فقد بدأ بإذن الله على أيدي من صدقوا ما عاهدوا الله، من يرون أنّ الحياة والموت وجهان للوجود، فلا يخيفهم الموت لأنهم على يقين بالوعد الرباني، لأنّ الفناء الدنيوي في سبيل الحقّ ما هو إلّا بداية حياةٍ جديدةٍ ورزقٍ جديد. لا يشعر بهذه الطمأنينة سوى من حكمته قيمٌ سماويةٌ تتجاوز الأهواء والنزعات، قيمٌ تتسق وما يُرضي ربّ السماء.

هذا الاتساق والإيمان والنُّبل هو ما يثبّت يقين شعبٍ أعزل تخلّت عنه الأمم، فيعرف أنّ حربه اليوم جولةٌ من جولاتٍ كثيرة، كلّ جولةٍ تدفعه ليقترب من هدفه أكثر. يقاتل ويجاهد وكلّه يقينٌ بأن عين الله ترعاه ما دامت وجهته هي السماء، وأنّ الله سيريه جبروته فيمن اعتنق لنفسه قيم القتل والدمار والكذب والخيانة والفجور من أجل أن يحافظ على وجوده وبقائه.

Tuesday, January 30, 2024

Fostering Academic Integrity in Educational Institutions

 Published on MEPLI's Harvard Graduate of School Website

By: Siham Al Amoush & Amal Farhat

Academic Integrity: Meaning and Definition

The Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency in Australia (TEQSA) defines academic integrity as “the expectation that teachers, students, researchers and all members of the academic community act with honesty, trust, fairness, respect and responsibility”. However, integrity is not exclusive to academic communities; everyone, at one point in their lives or another, is obligated to make moral choices or good ethical decisions. This obligation might exert pressure on the individual, as moral and ethical choices may not always be advantageous and could conflict with personal aims.

Academic Integrity Values

Academic integrity includes a set of principles and values that require us to act responsibly, fairly, and with honesty and respect (TEQSA 2021). This means that our professional life should be approached ethically, having sufficient courage to make the right choices, and acting honorably as a community member. Academic integrity is about our character and how we behave in critical situations despite the pressure exerted upon us.

Why is Academic Integrity Important?

Maintaining academic integrity in institutions is vital as it emphasizes and guarantees work underpinned by honesty, trust, and respect. Academic integrity is a vital component of higher education institutions’ moral duty supply chain. Upholding high moral standards builds trust among the different stakeholders of the institution which ensures the credibility of the degrees and other academic output of the institution. Moreover, it fosters an environment where students, researchers, and all academics are focused on real learning which is essential for an institution to thrive and gain reputation and trust. Not to forget that when the values of academic integrity are a priority, students and academics are more likely to acquire values that drive their actions not only inside the institution but in the different roles they hold in their lives, which will help in the development of moral citizens in the nation at large. Equity and fairness are more likely to become intertwined in the culture of the institution. This ensures that all are given equal opportunities and are treated fairly.

Establishing a Context for Academic Integrity 

 Teachers should be proactive rather than reactive in this regard. This can be seen as generating opportunities for discussion and problem-solving before issues and challenges arise, providing  the time to figure out an appropriate option for response. The following  are some practices that can support students’ academic integrity education and application:

  • Start by identifying the six core principles for the students of honesty, respect, responsibility, fairness, trustworthiness, and courage—or what are  referred to as universal values. 
  • In collaboration with the students and the rest of the instructional team, identify the behaviors that correspond with the identified values. One way to do this is by writing the values on the left-hand side of a large sheet of paper. Add two columns, one for students and another for the instructional team, where they list the behaviors, in their respective columns, that would be required to uphold each value. Participants should discuss the importance of identifying the values and behaviors and how this impacts their work and relationships.
  • Establish social norms for expected behavior. This serves as an effective framework for educators and students alike.  Firstly, it allows teachers to recognize shared views on role expectations and encourages moral behavior when all individuals share an understanding of what is right. Additionally, students will know that violating these values is not acceptable even among peers. 
  • Launch an asynchronous discussion and follow it with in-class conversation. A well-timed reminder can boost and revitalize students’ practices at every academic task, be it a research paper or an assessment activity. Additionally, it may be beneficial for students to reflect on these values after they complete their tasks to elaborate on the growth of their understanding and application of values in their practice, highlighting how they have changed, what obstacles they have encountered, and what concerns they have. As a result, students can suggest modifications to practices so that they are better aligned with the values. This can be of great value toward a collective understanding. 
  • Sustaining the application of these values by the teacher is crucial, so educators should model the behaviors they expect from students. This sets the standards for the students and provides the opportunity to observe the required behavior. 

A take-home message is that teachers are responsible for initiating a culture of academic integrity that facilitates student learning and ensures that the grades they receive reflect their actual level and that the certifications are reflective of their knowledge and abilities.


Fostering Academic Integrity in the Age of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

With the vast development of AI tools and the ease of students using them to generate their assignments, it becomes crucial to create a culture of integrity among students and help them engage in practices that are driven by the already identified universal values. Educators need to discuss with students the intersection of academic integrity and use of AI tools, and what policy they must refer to when working on each assignment or academic task. As a best practice, teachers should start with the syllabus and clarify for their students the degree they are permitted to use AI, and how to link its use with academic integrity. This policy should be revisited and discussed before every assignment.

To decide if students can use generative AI for an assignment, teachers should link the assignment parameters with the learning objectives and clarify what students can produce using AI. Assessment criteria should be clarified taking into account the use of AI tools. Students may be asked to reflect on the process of working on their assignment as an additional step.  Adapting reflection on the process as a practice can help students think critically about their own work and the role that AI played during the process.  

In addition to making policy and expectations regarding AI usage abundantly clear, it is mandatory that teachers update their pedagogies and create assignments that promote meaningful educational experiences for the students for which they are unable to completely rely on AI. The following are some recommendations to help in this regard:

  • Implement project-based learning so that students utilize their higher-order thinking skills.
  • Include the student’s reflection on the outcome generated by AI.
  • Integrate a self-reflection component in the student’s assessment.

Finally, it is vital to evaluate students based on the process and not only the product. This will enhance students’ discussion of their progress during the writing process. 

Resources

https://www.teqsa.gov.au/students/understanding-academic-integrity/what-academic-integrity

https://www.monash.edu/student-academic-success/maintain-academic-integrity/what-is-academic-integrity-and-why-is-it-important#tabs__2816746-03

AI in Education (trubox.ca)

Sunday, October 15, 2023

Empowering All Children through Improving Their Language and Communication Skills

 

Published on Harvard Graduate School of Education | Middle East Professional Learning Initiative website. 

You have a grade four student who engages in classroom discussions, contributes ideas, agrees with/refutes other’s opinions using appropriate language and transition words and phrases. Whether during conversations or in writing, this student employs complete sentences with minimal errors and has a rich reservoir of vocabulary that makes his ideas clear, appropriate, and varied. On the other hand, you have another student who shies away from participating in the whole-class discussions and avoids any situation that calls for sharing ideas orally. He relies on short, incomplete sentences that often do not relay the ideas clearly. His vocabulary is limited, lacking vivid and precise words to convey the intended idea or meaning.  

Which of the two students gives a better impression? Which of the two students is perceived as more competent and is expected to achieve better in school? Most likely the answer is the first student whose language is more sophisticated and elaborate. This is often the case in school, where outgoing and outspoken students who show language competence are often considered to be more intelligent and receive better attention, not only from teachers but also from their social context at large. Students viewed positively by their peers and teachers tend to achieve better at school as they receive more support and opportunities to participate in activities. All this boosts their confidence and self-efficacy. The opposite might be true with students who are labeled as less intelligent. 

According to the sociolinguist, Basil Bernstein, children’s language incompetence can be a reason for them to be excluded from educational opportunities (Bernstein, 1971). Our role as educators is to identify any barrier to a child’s education to achieve an inclusive education. With respect to language, teachers can do a lot to help, including the following:

·         Be aware of the impact of their perceptions on their students’ academic achievement. Such awareness helps them not privilege students whose language is “elaborated” over those whose language is “restricted” and stay mindful that a students’ language competence is not necessarily related to their intelligence or abilities. 

·         Find ways to empower students through growing their language capital. Simple ways include designing ample learning experiences that engage students in reading different genres and different topics and styles. Moreover, they can engage in varied speaking and listening tasks. 

·         Provide opportunities for students to work collaboratively in class. This helps them interact with each other and be exposed to a variety of communication styles. This should enrich their own reservoir of styles to select from as needed.  

·         Respect students and help them feel valued regardless of the language style they use. Teachers should encourage them to express themselves and to feel good about what they have to say and how they say it. 

·         Provide students with constructive and compassionate feedback to improve their language.  

·         Offer students language and vocabulary support and teach them how to seek support on their own when they need it. It is important that students feel safe and appreciated when they ask for help. 

·         Teach students effective communication strategies. Additionally, teachers can help them understand different communication styles and know when and where each style is suitable and effective. 

·         Enhance the language development of children by immersing students in language-rich environments that promote their language development. This can be done by enriching the classroom and the school at large with print that is comprehensible and meaningful for the students. Providing ample reading material in the classroom of varied topics and levels exposes students to language and encourages them to read. Moreover, teachers can provide opportunities for students to engage in discussions and debates to experiment with their language.  

·         Communicate with young learners both orally and in writing. Teachers need to engage in communication loops where students don’t merely respond to a teacher’s question but carry on a conversation. 

Children’s first encounters with language are in their homes, and they carry that to their classrooms. Their language development prior to entering school might be a vital factor in their educational progress. Therefore, it is helpful for families to be aware of how language bias might affect their children. Schools can play a role in this regard by communicating with families and spreading awareness on how they can enhance the language development of their children through:

·         creating language rich environments at homes and engaging children in activities that develop their language such as carrying out discussions with children, interacting with people of various backgrounds and reading stories;

·         visiting book fairs and other cultural events;

·         allowing children to choose their own reading material, which ensures that they choose what interests them, thus increasing the likelihood that longer reading will be sustained; 

·         encouraging engagement with language by being models for their children. When children see that their parents read and use language appropriately, they are more likely to imitate that model. 

In conclusion, strong language skills and effective communication can impact the academic achievement of children and have the power to shape their future. Parents and teachers are instrumental in nurturing these skills by fostering a supportive environment marked by open dialogue and exposure to language in its various formats. This should start in the early years of children’s lives so when they enter school, they are ready for the language demands of school life, allowing teachers to build on the skills they have already developed. 

References

Bernstein, B. (1971). Class, Codes and Control-Theoretical Studies Towards Sociology of Language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.

UNESCO. (2016). Education 2030: Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning. UNESCO. Retrieved 25 October 2023, http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/education-2030-incheon-framework-for-action-implementation-of-sdg4-2016-en_2.pdf

 


Thursday, August 31, 2023

أدوات واستراتيجيات التقويم في عصر الذكاء الاصطناعي

 قامت الأستاذة هناء جابر بترجمة مقالتي من الإنكليزية، وراجعها ودققها الأستاذ وئام العلي، فشكرا لهما. 
المقال موجود على موقع مبادرة الشرق الأوسط المهنية لجامعة هارفرد: 

رابط المقال

لى الرغم من أن الذكاء الاصطناعي (AI) موجود منذ فترة طويلة، إلا أن المعلمين بدأوا مؤخرا في التعبير عن قلقهم من أن طلابهم سيستخدمون أدوات الذكاء الاصطناعي لإنشاء أبحاثهم ومهامهم المدرسية الأخرى. وقد أدى ذلك إلى قيام بعض المؤسسات باعتماد تدابير صارمة ضد أولئك الذين يعتمدون على الذكاء الاصطناعي في عملهم الأكاديمي. لطالما أثار الانتحال أو السرقة الأدبية قلق المعلمين. ومع ذلك فإن الأدوات التي تسهل السرقة الأدبية ستصبح أكثر ذكاء وأكثر صعوبة في اكتشافها على الرغم من التحسين المستمر لأدوات الكشف. وهذا يستدعي من المعلمين التفكير في طرق جديدة لتقييم فهم طلابهم باستخدام مهام التقييم التي تؤدي إلى مخرجات تعلم  تخص الطلاب فقط، بدلا من المخرجات الناتجة عن الأدوات والبرامج الرقمية.

يعد تقييم فهم الطلاب جزءا لا يتجزأ من التدريس لأنه يساعد المعلمين على معرفة مدى قرب (أو بعد) المتعلمين عن  مخرجات التعلم المقصودة. هذا يطلع المعلمين على احتياجات التعلم لطلابهم، مثل ما يجب إعادة تدريسه أو عندما يحتاجون إلى مزيد من التمرين؛ كما تطلعهم على من يبلي بلاء حسنا، ومن يحتاج إلى مزيد من الاهتمام. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يعمل التقييم كتغذية راجعة للمعلمين، لإبلاغهم بضرورة تعديل طرق التدريس أو تغيير وتيرة التعليم. ومع ذلك، لا يتم الحصول على هذه الفوائد إذا لم يكن الناتج الذي يقدمه المتعلمون من صنعهم الخاص ولكن هو كليا أو جزئيا نتاج بعض الأدوات أو البرامج.

طرق التقييم الأصيل لا تعد ولا تحصى، وتعالج كليات التربية التقييم الأصيل تقريبا في كل مقرر دراسي حول التقييم. ومع ذلك، لا يزال المعلمون يعتمدون بشكل كبير على الأشكال التقليدية لتقييم طلابهم وذلك من خلال اختبارات القلم والورقة، حيث يتحتم على الطلاب الجلوس للامتحانات التي تتكون من أسئلة الاختيار من متعدد (MCQ) وكتابة المقالة وأسئلة الإجابة القصيرة، كما يتم تكليفهم بمهام مثل كتابة التقارير والمقالات والأبحاث. في هذه الأنواع من الاختبارات والواجبات يمكن توليد مخرجات أو إجابات الطلاب من خلال الذكاء الاصطناعي بسهولة، مما يقوض صلاحيتها، لأنها لا تختبر ما يجب أن تختبره – ألا وهو تعلم الطلاب.

في الوقت الحاضر، ومع سهولة وصول الطلاب إلى أدوات الذكاء الاصطناعي، زادت خطورة  السرقة الأدبية وتقديم الطلاب واجبات تم إنشاؤها بواسطة هذه الأدوات. نتيجة لذلك، يجب على المعلمين تكييف ممارسات التقييم التي يمكن أن تطلعهم على تعلم طلابهم وتساعدهم على اتخاذ القرارات اللازمة المتعلقة بممارساتهم التعليمية. هذا يجعل من الضروري للمعلمين أن يصبحوا أكثر مهارة في كيفية تقييم تعلم الطلاب. فيما يلي بعض الاقتراحات التي يمكن أن تساعد في هذا الصدد:

  • اعمل على ابتكار المهام التي يمكن تقييمها من خلال مراقبة أداء الطلاب. يحتاج المتعلمون إلى إظهار معرفتهم من خلال الأداء الذي يمكن ملاحظته من قبل أقرانهم أو معلميهم. يجب وضع معايير واضحة للمراقبة. طريقة أخرى هي أن بإمكان الطلاب تسجيل أدائهم وتقديم تسجيلاتهم ليتم عرضها وتقييمها من قبل مراقبيهم الأقران أو معلميهم.
  • أشرك الطلاب في المهام التي تتطلب من الطلاب التعاون والتفاعل مع بعضهم البعض. بعد ذلك، يتعين عليهم أن يقدموا تقريراً عن تجربتهم ومتابعة هذا التقرير بمناقشة مفتوحة.
  • قم بتعيين مهمة للطلاب واطلب منهم الإبلاغ عنها شفهيا إلى زملائهم في الفصل أو إلى جمهور آخر. يمكن أن يطلب منهم تقديم دليل على عملهم في شكل صور أو مقاطع فيديو. تتطلب مثل هذه المهام تعليم الطلاب مهارات العرض ومهارات الاستماع إلى الجمهور بطريقة ناشطة وبعمق والاستجابة لهم.
  • اطلب من الطلاب أن يقوموا بإجراء بحث تجريبي حيث يتعين عليهم جمع بياناتهم الخاصة من المقابلات والتجارب والمجموعات المركزة والاستبيانات. هنا يطلب من الطلاب الإبلاغ عن النتائج التي توصلوا إليها وأن يكونوا مستعدين لشرحها لجمهور أو لجنة وأن يكونوا مستعدين للرد على أسئلتهم.
  • أشرك الطلاب في المناظرات وحلقات النقاش والندوات التي تتطلب منهم إعداد حججهم ودعمها. سيتعين عليهم أيضا توقع الحجج أو وجهات النظر المضادة والاستعداد للرد عليها. إن تعلم كيفية الاستماع والرد على أسئلة الجمهور أمر ضروري في مثل هذه الأنواع من الأنشطة.
  • اطلب من الطلاب إعداد ملفات صوتية (بودكاست) ومقاطع فيديو يشرحون فيها مواضيع مختلفة تتعلق بالمادة الدراسية الخاصة بهم. يمكن أن يوفر تحميل مثل هذه المواد على منصة المدرسة جمهورا حقيقيا لما ينتجه الطلاب.
  • اطلب من الطلاب إضافة شرح أو تعليقات توضيحية إلى نص معين تم إنشاؤه بواسطة أداة للذكاء الاصطناعي أثناء مقارنته بالنص الخاص بهم لشرح الفرق بين الاثنين. يمكن للطلاب التعاون مع شركاء أو زملاء لمناقشة مسوداتهم والتعليق عليها ثم إرسالها مع نسختهم النهائية ليتم تقييمها. قد يكتبون أيضا تأملاتهم وأفكارهم حول عملية الكتابة بأكملها حيث يناقشون الاختلافات بين كتابة الذكاء الاصطناعي وكتاباتهم. يمكنهم أيضا شرح ما تعلموه عن مهاراتهم في الكتابة أثناء العملية.

الذكاء الاصطناعي موجود هنا ليبقى.

الذكاء الاصطناعي موجود ليبقى. سيستمر في أن يصبح أكثر ذكاء وسيستمر في الحصول على فهم أعمق لاحتياجاتنا، مما سيؤدي إلى اعتماد الطلاب عليه بشكل أكبر. وبالتالي، يحتاج التربويون إلى العمل باستمرار على تحسين معرفتهم   بالذكاء الاصطناعي أو محو أميتهم به وقبوله كجزء من ثقافة التدريس الخاصة بهم. وهنا بعض النصائح للمعلمين:

  • اجعل التوقعات واضحة للطلاب حول كيفية استخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي لإنجاز مهامهم، بمعنى إيضاح ما يمكنهم وما لا يمكنهم القيام به. يجب أن يتم ذلك في وقت مبكر عند تعيين المهمة أو الواجب، قبل أن يبدأ الطلاب العمل.
  • اعمل على ترسيخ ثقافة التقييم للتعلم بدلا من التقييم للاختبار والتحكيم. عند القيام بذلك، سيكون تركيز المعلم على جعل الطلاب يقتربون من نتائج التعلم المقصودة بدلا من التركيز على الدرجات التي يحصل عليها هؤلاء الطلاب. سيتم منح الطلاب فرصا متعددة، إذا لزم الأمر، لتحسين عملهم وليصبحوا أكثر دراية ومهارة.
  • أشرك الطلاب في مناقشات حول ما يمكن وما لا يمكن للذكاء الاصطناعي فعله وحول الجوانب الأخلاقية المتعلقة باستخدام هذه الأدوات.
  • شجع الطلاب على تكوين صداقات مع الذكاء الاصطناعي كزميل في الدراسة لمساعدتهم في توسيع معرفتهم. كن قدوة ونموذجا للطلاب وأرهم كيف يمكنهم اللجوء إلى أدوات الذكاء الاصطناعي لمساعدتهم في صياغة طلبهم والبناء على ما يعرفونه بالفعل من خلال الانخراط في مناقشات حول مهامهم بدلا من طلب إنشاء مهامهم بالكامل.
  • عزز تعلم الطلاب باستخدام الذكاء الاصطناعي بدلا من قمع استخدامه في المدارس.

Wednesday, June 28, 2023

Assessment Tools and Strategies in the Age of Artificial Intelligence


Published on June 25, 2023 on Harvard Graduate School of Education - MEPLI Website 

Although artificial intelligence (AI) has been around for quite a long time, educators recently started to express concern that their students would use AI tools to generate their research and other school assignments. This has led some institutions to adopt strict measures against those who rely on AI for their academic work. Plagiarism has always worried educators; however, tools that facilitate plagiarism will only get smarter and more difficult to detect despite the continuous improvement of detection  tools. This calls for educators to think of new ways to assess their students’ understanding using assessment tasks that result in outcomes that are solely the students’,  instead of outcomes  generated by digital tools and programs. 

Assessing students’ understanding is an integral component of teaching, as it helps educators know how close (or far) learners are from the intended learning outcomes. This informs teachers about their students’ learning needs, such as what should be retaught or where they need more practice; and who is doing well, and who needs more attention. In addition, assessment serves as feedback to teachers, informing them to modify their teaching methods or pace of instruction. Nevertheless, these benefits are not obtained if the output  presented by the learners is not their own creation but wholly or partially the generation of some tool or software. 

Authentic assessment methods are countless, and colleges of education address authentic assessment in almost every assessment course. However, educators still heavily rely on traditional forms of assessing their students’ work through pen and paper tests. Students must sit for examinations consisting of multiple choice, essay type, and short answer questions, and they are given tasks such as report and essay writing and research work. Students’ output in response to these tests and assignments can be generated by AI, thus undermining their validity, as they do not test what they should be testing–students’ learning. 

Nowadays, with  students’ ease of access to artificial intelligence tools, there is a greater risk of plagiarism and students submitting assignments that are generated by such tools. As a result, educators must adapt assessment practices that can inform them about their students’ learning and help them make the necessary decisions related to their teaching practices. This makes it imperative for educators to become more skillful in how they assess student learning. Here are some suggestions that can help in this respect: 
  • Create tasks that can be assessed by observation of student performance. Learners need to demonstrate their knowledge through performance that can be observed by their peers or teachers. Clear criteria need to be established for observation. A variation to this is that students record their performance and submit their recordings to be viewed and assessed by their peer observers or their teachers. 
  • Engage students in tasks that require students to collaborate and interact with one another. Afterwards, they have to report on their experience and follow this reporting with open discussion. 
  • Assign students a task and have them report on it orally to their classmates or to another audience. They can be required to present evidence of their work in the form of photos or videos. Such tasks require teaching students presentation skills and skills of actively and deeply listening to an audience and responding to them. 
  • Require students to conduct empirical research where they have to collect their own data from interviews, experiments, focus groups, and questionnaires. Here students are required to report their findings and be ready to explain them to an audience or a panel and be ready to respond to their questions. 
  • Engage students in debates, panel discussions and seminars that require them to prepare their arguments and support them. They will also have to anticipate counter arguments and be prepared to respond to them. Learning how to listen and respond to audience questions is necessary in such types of activities. 
  • Have students prepare podcasts and videos in which they explain various topics related to their course material. Uploading such material to the school platform can provide an authentic audience for the students’ products. 
  • Ask students to annotate a piece that is generated by an AI tool while comparing it to their own piece to explain the difference between both pieces. Students may pair up with partners to discuss and annotate their drafts and then submit them along with their final version to be assessed. They might also write a reflection on the whole writing process in which they discuss the differences between the AI writing and their own. They can also explain what they learned about their own writing skills during the process. 

Artificial intelligence is here to stay. It will keep getting smarter and will continue to have a deeper understanding of our needs, which will lead to students relying on it more. Thus, educators need to work continuously on improving their AI literacy and to accept it as part of the teaching culture. Some tips for educators would be: 

  • Make expectations clear to students about how they can and cannot use AI to accomplish their tasks. This should be done early on when the task is assigned, before students start working. 
  • Work on establishing the culture of assessment for learning rather than assessment for testing and judging. In doing so, the focus of the teacher will be on having students getting closer to the intended learning outcomes instead of focusing on the grades students get. Students will be given multiple opportunities, if needed, to improve their work and become more knowledgeable and skillful. 
  • Engage students in discussions about what AI can and cannot do and about the ethical aspects related to the use of such tools.
  • Encourage students to befriend AI as their study buddy  to help expand their knowledge. Model to students how they can resort to AI tools to help them with prompts for their work and to build on what they already know through engaging in discussions about their assignments instead of requesting their whole assignment to be generated. 
  • Augment student learning with AI instead of suppressing its use in schools.